c．-ing完成时的被动语态不能用作定语，表被动含义时用过去分词。
例：①We enjoy seeing the films having been directed by Charlie Chaplin．(Ⅹ)
②We enjoy seeing the films directed by Charlie Chaplin．(√)
我们喜欢看卓别林导演的电影。
2. 过去分词和不定式作宾语补足语
不定式作宾语补足语与宾语构成主动关系，过去分词作宾语补足语与宾语构成被动关系。
例：①When we talk with others，we make ourselves understood not just by words.
②When we talk With others，we make them understand us not just by words．
我们与人交谈时，不只是通过语言让人们理解我们的意思。
3. 过去分词的逻辑主语
作状语用的过去分词，其逻辑主语应与名词中的主语一致。
例：①Seen from the hill, we find the village very small. (Ⅹ)
②Seen from the hill，the village looks very small．(√)
我们如果在山上看（我们）会发现村子很小。
高考热点
以下是历年高考题中的过去分词试题，请总结有关过去分词的考点。
l．The managers discussed the plan that they
would like to see the next year．（NMET 20xx）
A．carry out B．carrying out C．carried out D．to carry out
分析: 例1的答案为C。此句中包含一个定语从句，the plan是定语从句的先行词，将其放到定语从句中构成 they would like to see the plan ____（carry out）。the plan与 carry out构成被动关系，故用 carried out。
小结: 此题测试的是过去分词作宾补。过去分词作宾补时，它所表示的动作对象是前面的宾语，与其构成被动关系。
2．Most of the artists to the party were ____ from South Africa．
A．invited B．to invited
C．being invited D．had been invited（NMET90）
3．The first textbooks________for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century．
A．having written B．to be written
C．being written D．written (NMET94)
4．The Olympic Games，____ in 776B.C.，did not include women players until 1912．
A first played B．to be first played
C first playing D．to be first playing （NMET97）
分析:例2的答案为 A。例3的答案为 D。此两题都是前面的名词与动词之间构成被动关系，作后置定语。可变为限制性定语从句，who were invited…；that were written…。例4的答案为 A.名词 the Olympic Games与动词 play之间构成被动关系，也作后置定语，可变为非限制性定语从句 which were first played…。
小结:以上三个小题测试的是过去分词作后置定语。过去分词作定语通常表示被动含义，同时还表示这个分词所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前。
5．____more attention, the trees could have grown better.
A. Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given (NMET 90)
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